Over the course of the past few decades, the nature of the prison culture in America has been gradually shifting. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, from 2000 to 2013 the number of inmates confined at midyear has increased at an average annual rate of 1.3% (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2014). Researchers claim that the United States imprisons more people per capita than any other nation. In 2014, the Bureau of Justice Statistics estimates that state and federal correctional facilities held approximately 1,500,000 prisoners with a sentence to prison for greater than one year (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2014). With so many individuals being imprisoned, one must wonder, are such rates of imprisonment actually effective in improving the crime situation in America? Or are these policies ultimately ineffective in deterring future crime and merely perpetuate an endless negative feedback loop of crime? In order to investigate this issue, this paper will address the correlations, or lack thereof, between America’s imprisonment rates and rates of criminal recidivism (the act of relapsing into one’s criminal behavior after experiencing punishment for a past crime). Following this, an assessment will be made regarding the psychological toll of incarceration and its influence on an individual’s decisions after release from prison. The nature of society is not fixed, it is a volatile system that constantly changes and adapts daily. As a result, individuals isolated from the real world for extensive periods of time may struggle to adapt to said changes and reintegration is often a challenge. Due to this, often times individuals find themselves falling back into patterns of crime as they fail to find a reliable alternative mode of living. Therefore, the proposed research question for this investigation is, “what aspects of mass incarceration influence rates of criminal recidivism in America”? Two critical domains to be investigated are the internal and external environments that an inmate will experience. Daniel Gilbert’s “Immune to Reality” discusses the internal environment by referencing the “psychological immune system” (Gilbert 135) and provides a scientific basis for the decisions we as humans consciously and unconsciously make. Similarly, Jean Twenge’s “An Army of One : Me” also scrutinizes this internal environment by going into detail about the composition of one’s self-identity and how self-esteem / narcissism and developmental influences aid in guiding one’s behavior. In contrast, Malcolm Gladwell discusses the impact of external influence (social context, economic pressure, etc.) on the development of criminal behavior. Each of these sources, however, provide information regarding the origin of criminal behavior. Consequently, these texts will serve as the basis of investigating whether the internal processes (narcissism as described by Twenge and the psychological immune system as introduced by Gilbert) or external influence (the surrounding environment as described by Gladwell) are more critical in influencing criminal recidivism. Essentially it is another form of the age-old argument of nature versus nurture. Nonetheless, in practice, it is arguable that the internal environment of an inmate is the primary contributor to criminal recidivism and external environment is merely a supplement to the former.